Radiotherapy is a medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to destroy or damage cancer cells. It is one of the most widely used approaches in oncology and plays a crucial role in both curing cancer and controlling its growth. By targeting specific areas of the body, radiotherapy helps minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues while focusing on eliminating abnormal cells.
The treatment works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and dividing. Over time, these damaged cells die and are naturally removed by the body. Radiotherapy can be used as a standalone treatment or combined with surgery and chemotherapy, depending on the type, stage, and location of cancer.
There are two main types of radiotherapy: external beam radiotherapy and internal radiotherapy (also known as brachytherapy). In external beam radiotherapy, a machine directs radiation beams precisely at the tumor from outside the body. This method is commonly used for many types of cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, and brain tumors. Internal radiotherapy involves placing radioactive material directly inside or near the tumor, allowing a higher dose of radiation to be delivered in a more localized manner.
Radiotherapy is carefully planned using advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans and MRI. These tools help doctors map the exact size, shape, and location of the tumor, ensuring accurate targeting. Treatment sessions are typically scheduled over several days or weeks, allowing the body time to recover between sessions.
Although radiotherapy is highly effective, it may cause side effects depending on the treatment area. Common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, and localized discomfort. However, these effects are usually temporary and can be managed with proper medical care and support.